In vitro enamel remineralization by low-fluoride toothpaste with calcium citrate and sodium trimetaphosphate.

The objective of this study was to evaluate in vitro the effect of a low fluoride toothpaste (450 µgF/g, NaF) combined with calcium citrate (Cacit) and sodium trimetaphosphate (TMP) on enamel remineralization. Bovine enamel blocks had the enamel surface polished sequentially to determine the surface hardness. After production of artificial carious lesions, the blocks selected by their surface hardness were submitted to remineralization pH cycling and daily treatment with dentifrice suspensions (diluted in deionized water or artificial saliva): placebo, 275, 450, 550 and 1,100 µgF/g and commercial dentifrice (positive control, 1,100 µgF/g). Finally, the surface and cross-section hardness was determined for calculating the change of surface hardness (%SH) and mineral content (%∆Z). Fluoride in enamel was also determined. The data from %SH, %∆Z and fluoride were subjected to two-way analysis of variance followed by Student-Newman-Keuls's test (p<0.05). The mineral gain (%SH and %∆Z) was higher for toothpastes diluted in saliva (p<0.05), except for the 450 µgF/g dentifrice with Cacit/TMP (p>0.05). The 450 Cacit/TMP toothpaste and the positive control showed similar results (p>0.05) when diluted in water. A dose-response was observed between fluoride concentration in toothpastes and fluoride present in enamel, regardless of dilution. It was concluded that it is possible to enhance the remineralization capacity of low F concentration toothpaste by of organic (Cacit) and inorganic (TMP) compounds with affinity to hydroxyapatite.

In Vitro Enamel Remineralization by Low-Fluoride Toothpaste with Calcium Citrate and Sodium Trimetaphosphate

The objective of this study was to evaluate in vitro the effect of a low fluoride toothpaste (450 µgF/g, NaF) combined with calcium citrate (Cacit) and sodium trimetaphosphate (TMP) on enamel remineralization. Bovine enamel blocks had the enamel surface polished sequentially to determine the surface hardness. After production of artificial carious lesions, the blocks selected by their surface hardness were submitted to remineralization pH cycling and daily treatment with dentifrice suspensions (diluted in deionized water or artificial saliva): placebo, 275, 450, 550 and 1,100 µgF/g and commercial dentifrice (positive control, 1,100 µgF/g). Finally, the surface and cross-section hardness was determined for calculating the change of surface hardness (%SH) and mineral content (%∆Z). Fluoride in enamel was also determined. The data from %SH, %∆Z and fluoride were subjected to two-way analysis of variance followed by Student-Newman-Keuls's test (p<0.05). The mineral gain (%SH and %∆Z) was higher for toothpastes diluted in saliva (p<0.05), except for the 450 µgF/g dentifrice with Cacit/TMP (p>0.05). The 450 Cacit/TMP toothpaste and the positive control showed similar results (p>0.05) when diluted in water. A dose-response was observed between fluoride concentration in toothpastes and fluoride present in enamel, regardless of dilution. It was concluded that it is possible to enhance the remineralization capacity of low F concentration toothpaste by of organic (Cacit) and inorganic (TMP) compounds with affinity to hydroxyapatite.

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar in vitro o efeito de um dentifrício com reduzida concentração de fluoreto (450 µgF/g, NaF) associado ao citrato de cálcio (Cacit) e trimetafosfato de sódio (TMP) na remineralização do esmalte. Blocos de esmalte bovino tiveram sua superfície de esmalte polida seqüencialmente para determinação da dureza de superfície. Após o desenvolvimento de lesões artificiais de cárie, os blocos selecionados através da dureza de superfície foram submetidos a ciclagem de remineralização e tratamento diário com suspensões de dentifrícios (diluição em água deionizada ou saliva artificial): placebo, 275, 450, 550 e 1.100 µgF/g e com dentifrício comercial (controle positivo, 1.100 µgF/g). Ao término, determinou-se a dureza de superfície e em secção longitudinal, para cálculo da variação da dureza de superfície (%SH) e do conteúdo mineral (%∆Z). O fluoreto presente no esmalte também foi determinado. Os dados de %SH, %∆Z e fluoreto foram submetidos a análise de variância a dois critérios seguido pelo teste de Student-Newman-Keuls (p<0,05). O ganho mineral (%SH e %∆Z) foi maior para os dentifrícios diluídos em saliva (p<0,05), exceto para os dentifrícios 450 µg F/g com Cacit/TMP (p>0,05). Os dentifrícios 450 Cacit/TMP e controle positivo apresentaram resultados semelhantes (p>0,05) quando diluídos em água. Uma relação dose-resposta foi observada entre a concentração de fluoreto nos dentifrícios e o fluoreto presente no esmalte, independente da diluição. Concluiu-se que é possível melhorar a capacidade de remineralização de dentifrícios com reduzida concentração de fluoreto pela adição de compostos orgânico (Cacit) e inorgânico (TMP) com afinidade a hidroxiapatita.

Efeito de dentifrícios com concentração reduzida de fluoreto suplementados com polifosfatos na incidência de lesões de cárie dentária e na ingestão de fluoreto: estudo clínico longitudinal em crianças / Effect of low-fluoride dentifrices supplemented with polyphosphates on dental caries and fluoride intake: longitudinal clinical study

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar (1) o efeito anticárie de dentifrícios com concentração reduzida de fluoreto (DCRFs) suplementados com polifosfatos e (2) a concentração de fluoreto (F) nas unhas das mãos e pés de bebês após o uso de DCRFs. No primeiro estudo, crianças provenientes de creches dos municípios de Araçatuba e Fernandópolis (Estado de São Paulo), com idade média de 48 meses, foram aleatoriamente divididas em três grupos, de acordo com os dentifrícios a serem utilizados (protocolo duplo-cego): 500 ppm F com 1% de trimetafosfato de sódio (“500 TMP”, n=206), 500 ppm F com 0,25% de glicerofosfato de cálcio (“500 GPCa”, n=193) e 1100 ppm F (n=201). Exames clínicos (ceo-s) foram realizados no início e aos 18 meses do estudo, e o incremento de lesões de cárie (IC) foi calculado para crianças com e sem experiência prévia de cárie (EC). Para o segundo estudo, crianças (18 a 30 meses de idade, n=56) sem uso prévio de dentifrícios fluoretados, provenientes de um programa preventivo para bebês, fizeram uso dos dentifrícios supramencionados. Unhas das mãos e pés foram coletadas mensalmente, durante 12 meses, a partir do início do uso dos dentifrícios. O F ingerido a partir da água, dieta e dentifrício também foram determinados. As análises foram realizadas com um eletrodo íon-seletivo, após difusão facilitada por HMDS ou pelo método direto, de acordo com as amostras. Os dados foram submetidos a ANOVA a 1 critério (ingestão de F pela água) e 2 critérios (IC, concentração de F nas unhas e ingestão de F pela dieta), seguida do teste de Student-Newman-Keuls (p < 0,05). O IC foi significativamente menor com o uso do dentifrício 500 TMP (p < 0,05), tendo os dentifrícios 1100 ppm F e 500 GPCa apresentado IC similares (p=0,275). Não houve diferenças significativas entre os dentifrícios para ceo-s inicial, ceo-s final e IC nas crianças sem EC. Nas crianças com EC, o dentifrícios 500 TMP e 500 GPCa apresentaram menores valores de IC quando comparado ao 1100 ppm...

The aim of the present study was to assess (1) the anticaries effect of low-fluoride dentifrices (LFDs) supplemented with polyphosphates and (2) fluoride (F) concentrations in fingernails and toenails of babies after the use of LFDs. In the first study, children attending day care centers from the cities of Araçatuba and Fernandópolis (State of São Paulo, Brazil), with average age of 48 months, were randomly assigned to 3 different groups (double-blind protocol), according to the dentifrices to be used: 500 ppm F with sodium trimetaphosphate (“500 TMP”, n=206), 500 ppm F with 0,25% calcium glycerophosphate (“500 CaGP”, n=193) and 1100 ppm F (n=201). Clinical examinations (dmfs) were done at the beginning and 18 months after using the dentifrices, and caries increment (CI) was calculated for children with and without previous caries experience (CE). For the second study, children (18 to 30 months old, n=56), without previous contact with fluoridated dentifrices and who attended a preventive program directed to babies, were randomly assigned to the above-mentioned dentifrices (double-blind protocol). Fingernails and toenails were monthly clipped from the beginning of the study for up to 12 months. F intake from water, diet and dentifrice was also determined. F analyses were carried out with an ion-selective electrode after HMDS-facilitated diffusion or by the direct method, depending on the sample. Data were submitted to 1-way (F intake from water) or 2-way (CI, F concentrations in nails and F intake from the diet) ANOVA, followed by Student-Newman-Keuls test (p<0.05). CI was significantly lower for children using the 500 TMP dentifrice (p<0.05), with similar values for the 1100 ppm F and 500 CaGP dentifrices (p=0.275). No significant differences were found among the dentifrices for initial and final dmfs, and for CI for children without CE. For children with CE, significantly lower CI was obtained for the groups 500 TMP and 500 CaGP (p<0.05). F levels in...

Efeito de dentifrícios com concentração reduzida de fluoreto suplementados com polifosfatos na incidência de lesões de cárie dentária e na ingestão de fluoreto: estudo clínico longitudinal em crianças / Effect of low-fluoride dentifrices supplemented with polyphosphates on dental caries and fluoride intake: longitudinal clinical study

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar (1) o efeito anticárie de dentifrícios com concentração reduzida de fluoreto (DCRFs) suplementados com polifosfatos e (2) a concentração de fluoreto (F) nas unhas das mãos e pés de bebês após o uso de DCRFs. No primeiro estudo, crianças provenientes de creches dos municípios de Araçatuba e Fernandópolis (Estado de São Paulo), com idade média de 48 meses, foram aleatoriamente divididas em três grupos, de acordo com os dentifrícios a serem utilizados (protocolo duplo-cego): 500 ppm F com 1% de trimetafosfato de sódio (“500 TMP”, n=206), 500 ppm F com 0,25% de glicerofosfato de cálcio (“500 GPCa”, n=193) e 1100 ppm F (n=201). Exames clínicos (ceo-s) foram realizados no início e aos 18 meses do estudo, e o incremento de lesões de cárie (IC) foi calculado para crianças com e sem experiência prévia de cárie (EC). Para o segundo estudo, crianças (18 a 30 meses de idade, n=56) sem uso prévio de dentifrícios fluoretados, provenientes de um programa preventivo para bebês, fizeram uso dos dentifrícios supramencionados. Unhas das mãos e pés foram coletadas mensalmente, durante 12 meses, a partir do início do uso dos dentifrícios. O F ingerido a partir da água, dieta e dentifrício também foram determinados. As análises foram realizadas com um eletrodo íon-seletivo, após difusão facilitada por HMDS ou pelo método direto, de acordo com as amostras. Os dados foram submetidos a ANOVA a 1 critério (ingestão de F pela água) e 2 critérios (IC, concentração de F nas unhas e ingestão de F pela dieta), seguida do teste de Student-Newman-Keuls (p < 0,05). O IC foi significativamente menor com o uso do dentifrício 500 TMP (p < 0,05), tendo os dentifrícios 1100 ppm F e 500 GPCa apresentado IC similares (p=0,275). Não houve diferenças significativas entre os dentifrícios para ceo-s inicial, ceo-s final e IC nas crianças sem EC. Nas crianças com EC, o dentifrícios 500 TMP e 500 GPCa apresentaram menores valores de IC quando comparado ao 1100 ppm...

The aim of the present study was to assess (1) the anticaries effect of low-fluoride dentifrices (LFDs) supplemented with polyphosphates and (2) fluoride (F) concentrations in fingernails and toenails of babies after the use of LFDs. In the first study, children attending day care centers from the cities of Araçatuba and Fernandópolis (State of São Paulo, Brazil), with average age of 48 months, were randomly assigned to 3 different groups (double-blind protocol), according to the dentifrices to be used: 500 ppm F with sodium trimetaphosphate (“500 TMP”, n=206), 500 ppm F with 0,25% calcium glycerophosphate (“500 CaGP”, n=193) and 1100 ppm F (n=201). Clinical examinations (dmfs) were done at the beginning and 18 months after using the dentifrices, and caries increment (CI) was calculated for children with and without previous caries experience (CE). For the second study, children (18 to 30 months old, n=56), without previous contact with fluoridated dentifrices and who attended a preventive program directed to babies, were randomly assigned to the above-mentioned dentifrices (double-blind protocol). Fingernails and toenails were monthly clipped from the beginning of the study for up to 12 months. F intake from water, diet and dentifrice was also determined. F analyses were carried out with an ion-selective electrode after HMDS-facilitated diffusion or by the direct method, depending on the sample. Data were submitted to 1-way (F intake from water) or 2-way (CI, F concentrations in nails and F intake from the diet) ANOVA, followed by Student-Newman-Keuls test (p<0.05). CI was significantly lower for children using the 500 TMP dentifrice (p<0.05), with similar values for the 1100 ppm F and 500 CaGP dentifrices (p=0.275). No significant differences were found among the dentifrices for initial and final dmfs, and for CI for children without CE. For children with CE, significantly lower CI was obtained for the groups 500 TMP and 500 CaGP (p<0.05). F levels in...

Functional activity of neutrophils and systemic inflammatory response of Down’s syndrome patients with periodontal disease

Periodontal disease (PD) is characterized as an inflammatory process that compromises the support and protection of the periodontium. Patients with Down’s syndrome (DS) are prone to develop PD. Neutrophils (NE) are the first line of defense against infection and their absence sets the stage for disease. Aim: To compare the activity and function of NE in the peripheral blood from DS patients with and without PD, assisted at the Center for Dental Assistance to Patients with Special Needs affiliated with the School of Dentistry of Araçatuba, Brazil. Methods: Purified NE were collected from peripheral blood of 22 DS patients. NE were used to detect the 5-lypoxigenase (5-LO) expression by RT-PCR. Plasma from peripheral blood was collected to measure tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) by ELISA and nitrite (NO3) using a Griess assay. Results: Data analysis demonstrated that DS patients with PD present high levels of TNF-a and IL-8 when compared with DS patients without PD. However, there was no statistically significant difference in the levels of NO3 production between the groups. The levels of the inflammatory mediator 5-LO expression increased in DS patients with PD. Conclusions: According with these results, it was concluded that TNF-a and IL-8 are produced by DS patients with PD. Furthermore, DS patients with PD presented high levels of 5-LO expression, suggesting the presence of leukotriene B4 (LTB4) in PD, thus demonstrating that the changes in NE function due to the elevation of inflammatory mediators contribute to PD.

Estudo dos mecanismos envolvidos na resposta tecidual de camundongos diabéticos com doença periodontal: papel dos mastócitos / Study of the mechanisms involved in tissue response of diabetic mice with periodontal disease: role of mast cells

O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar o papel dos Mastócitos (MAST) na resposta tecidual de camundongos com Diabetes Mellitus (DM) submetidos a Doença Periodontal (DP). Os camundongos foram pré-tratados com uma dose única de estreptozotocina (STZ) para indução do DM. Para avaliar o papel dos MAST no controle da DP, os camundongos foram depletados de MAST pelo tratamento com composto 48/80. Subsequentemente foi realizada a indução da DP nos camundongos com DM e controles pela ligadura dos primeiros molares homólogos. Após um período de 7 e 14 dias os animais foram sacrificados para coleta das amostras para ensaios subseqüentes. Os níveis de reabsorção óssea dos camundongos diabéticos e normais foram avaliados radiograficamente para confirmação da presença da DP. O recrutamento de Neutrófilos (NE) foi avaliado pela produção da enzima Mieloperoxidase (MPO) no tecido gengival. Os níveis de IFN-g, IL-4, RANTES/CCL5, KC/CXCL1 e Linfotactina/ XCL1 nos tecidos gengivais e IFN-g e IL-4 no plasma foram avaliados pelo método imunoenzimático (ELISA). Os resultados mostram que animais diabéticos com DP apresentaram após 14 dias da indução da DP uma perda óssea significativa quando comparado ao grupo controle, diferentemente do grupo de 7 dias. Esta perda foi potenciada nos animais diabéticos com DP depletados de MAST. Verificou-se elevados níveis de MPO nos animais normais e com DM após 14 dias da indução da DP. Nos animais com DM e com DP tratados com 48/80 foi observada uma redução parcial dos níveis de MPO. A produção de IFN-g, IL-4, RANTES/CCL5, KC/CXCL1 e Lin-fotactina/XCL1 foi observada nos animais diabéticos independente da indução da DP após o período 7 e 14 dias. Conclui-se então que o DM favoreceu o aumento da perda óssea e o recrutamento de neutrófilos na DP. Como também induziu a produção de altos níveis dos mediadores inflamatórios tais como IFN-γ, IL-4, RANTES/CCL5, KC/CXCL1 e Linfotactina/XCL1, independente da presença de DP. A ausência dos MAST...

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of Mast cells (MAST) on the tissue response in mice with Diabetes Mellitus (DM) submitted to Periodontal Disease (PD). The mice were pretreated with a single dose of streptozotocin (STZ) for the induction of DM. To evaluate the role of MAST in the PD, the mice were depleted of MAST by a pretreatment with compound 48/80. Subsequently, PD was induced in diabetic and normoglycemics mice by using a ligature around the first molars homologous. Seven and fourteen days after the surgery, the animals were sacrificed and the samples were collected for the subsequent experiments. The levels of bone resorption in diabetic and normoglycemic mice with PD were radiographically evaluated to confirm the presence of the PD. Neutrophil migration (NE) was quantified by the presence of the MPO enzyme in the gingival tissue. The levels of IFN-g, IL-4, RANTES/CCL5, KC/CXCL1 and Lymphotactin/XCL1 from gingival tissues and plasma were evaluated by Enzyme- Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The results showed that diabetic mice had a significant bone resorption 14 days after the induction of PD when compared to normoglycemics mice. This bone resorption was higher in the diabetic MAST-cell depleted mice with PD. The level of MPO was higher in diabetic and normoglycemic mice 14 days after the induction of PD. Furthermore, it was observed a partial reduction of MPO levels in diabetic mice with PD treated with compound 48/80. The level of IFN-g, IL-4, RANTES/CCL5, KC/CXCL1 and Lymphofotactin/XCL was observed in diabetic mice independently of the induction of PD after 7 or 14 days. In conclusion, DM increased bone resorption and neutrophil recruitment in the PD mice, as well as it induced the production of high levels of IFN-g, IL -4, RANTES/CCL5, KC/CXCL1 and Lymphofotactin/XCL1. The MAST depletion increased bone resorption and reduced NE recruitment. Taken together, these data suggest that MAST may have a dual role on the PD under...